Sunday, 19 July 2026

R.N. Kaul, S.K. Maitra, Indra Sen, and J. Smith

 Collated by Tusar Nath Mohapatra

12 years with Sri Aurobindo Part 25 by Renubala Samantaray. @thedivinesmile7618No likesNo views14 minutes ago more. Subscribe. Comments. Comment.
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The purpose of the present thesis is a critical evaluation of Sri Aurobindo's Philosophy, with special reference to the main problems of metaphysics and religion. Sri Aurobindo's Philosophy includes all the aspects of human life, social, political, moral, religious and spiritual, etc. It is difficult to deal with all of these within a single work. Hence, I had to leave social, political and moral Philosophy, of which I have given only a brief reference. If time permits, I, however, wish to take up this remaining portion for yet another research work.

In the completion of the present work I always got encouragement from my guide and teacher Professor R. N. Kaul, Head of the Department of Philosophy, Allahabad University, whose kind affection and timely suggestions have led me to keep steadily on my path. In the understanding of my subject, I was much inspired by the scholarly expositions of Dr. S. K. Maitra, Ex-Professor and Head of Department of Philosophy, Banaras Hindu University, who has very kindly allowed me time to discuss and get suggestions from him. Besides, there are many others who have been directly or indirectly responsible for the successful completion of the present work in minimum time. The noticeable among them are Dr. S. Datta, Reader, Department of Philosophy, Allahabad University; Dr. Indra Sen and Dr. J. Smith of Sri Aurobindo Ashram Pondicherry and Sri N. Basu, Local Secretary, Sri Aurobindo Path Chakra. I thank them all for their interest in my work.

Ram Nath Sharma

August 1, 1957.

https://incarnateword.in/other-authors/ram-nath-sharma/the-philosophy-of-sri-aurobindo/preface

Dr. Sharma seems to have responded to Sri Aurobindo's thought with such deep sympathy that he tends to reflect the original thinking even unconsciously. Some of his short apparently incidental sentences, to be found all over, strike one as the profoundest in philosophical content. Here are a few of the kind. 'The widest and the most comprehensive seeing is the wisest one', 'The philosopher is a lover of knowledge and never a sole possessor of it', 'Knowledge is not a jump from ignorance but a gradual unveiling' and 'The more comprehensive is the more wise'. They give one a thrill as one comes across them. They brighten up the text a great deal, which is otherwise too easy and fluent.

The spirit of the entire writing is happily reminiscent of the original. It is catholic, wide, comprehensive, the one right for a monistic philosophy.

It is a pleasure to offer a Foreword to such a work.

Indra Sen

Sri Aurobindo Ashram

Pondicherry

April 10, 1958.

https://incarnateword.in/other-authors/ram-nath-sharma/the-philosophy-of-sri-aurobindo/foreword

I've already explained (tried to explain) in previous posts that Mr. Sagan's viewpoint is limiting and childish... To overcome this fundamentally flawed and failing view, I always recommend reading the writings of the great philosopher-yogi Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950).

https://x.com/i/status/2078803906436415849

"Marble temples have become the vocabulary of Sanatana Dharma, or Neo-Hinduism. Wherever these temples appear, a particular form of Hinduism follows. One that equates vegetarian food with purity and meat-eating with pollution. One that presents itself as the correction of historical wrongs. The marble temple encodes a doctrine, and a politics. The question worth asking is what they are saying, and to whom".

https://x.com/i/status/2078706930701463591

[PDF] Promotional Tools Model for Religious Tourism: Evidence from Sati Peeths in West Bengal

T Dwibedi - Journal of Academic Advancement, 2026
… Pradeep Acharya (2005) analysed the tourism situation in Lumbini, while
Sharpley and Sundaram (2005) examined the spiritual significance of Sri Aurobindo
Ashram and Auroville in Puducherry. Positive psychology research during the late …

Transhumanism and Divine Humanity in Global Traditions

T Kochetkova, A Mukhopadhyay - 2026
… However, while both Parrinder (1970, 113–116) and Wolfers (2017, 289–290)
insist that Sri Aurobindo’s emphasis on the sufferings of the avatara is influenced by
his exposure to Christianity, we must remember that the traditional Hindu approach …

3 The Yogic Confluence of Humanity, Transhumanity, and Divine Humanity

PAM Yoga - Transhumanism and Divine Humanity in Global …, 2026
… Therefore, the Solar Science knowledge and the knowledge of liberation bleed
into each other to provide a soteriological dimension to the yogic practice of Solar
Science and Integral Great Yoga. The vibrant sunray acts as the mediator, and the …

4 A Transcultural View on Transhumanism in Light of Yogic Philosophy and Tantric Buddhism

AT Lettner - Transhumanism and Divine Humanity in Global …, 2026
… Such different layers have also been identified by Sri Aurobindo (cf. Cornelissen
2009: 19). In Tantric Buddhism, such" mutually penetrating forms of energy" extend
from luminous consciousness down to “the densest form of'materialized …

8 Nietzsche, Sri Aurobindo, and the Question of Human Enhancement

S Jain - Transhumanism and Divine Humanity in Global …, 2026
… A dialogue with Nietzsche1 and Sri Aurobindo suggests a return to the original
meaning of … chapter proposes to juxtapose Nietzsche with Sri Aurobindo, the
Indian philosopher and yogi … through the creative sublimation of suffering and Sri

12 Transhumanism, Sacred Immanence, and Unlimited Lifespan

T Kochetkova - Transhumanism and Divine Humanity in Global …, 2026
… An integral vision of how to use them (here we can rely the integral approach by
Sri Aurobindo (2005) and Ken Wilber); 2. The bioethical perspective; 3. Active global
civil society lobbying for reasonable policy, whatever difficult it may be to achieve in …

14 An Intercultural Perspective on Transhumanism and the Meaning of Life

O Abdul - Transhumanism and Divine Humanity in Global …, 2026
Transhumanism; a philosophy and movement advocating the enhancement of
human capabilities through science, advanced technologies, applied reason, and life-promoting
principles and values, promises to transcend biological determinism and limitations …

[PDF] Had-Anhad: Understanding Kabir and his Teachings in the Light of Indian Psychology through a Musical Documentary

A Rana - IJAR, 2026
… The oldest Hindu texts and scriptures have stood the test of time, and the
experiences of various sages like Sri Aurobindo, Paramhansa Yogananda, and
Ram Krishna Paramhansa have confirmed what the texts said. What better way to …

[PDF] Cultural Syncretism of Central Asia and Kashmir: Eastern Maqomat and Kashmiri Sufi Poetry

S Bano - Integral Research, 2026
… The most important aspect is that this spiritual school is this mystical school of
thought that is a confluence of many philosophical traditions, hence in her poems we
find examples of images and ideas of those spiritual traditions ie, Tantra, Yoga

Toying with trash: Celebrating experience in learning science 1

D Nawani, A Gupta - A World Full of Resources
In India, the teaching of science in most schools has often been restricted to reading
the textbook and memorising information given therein. This, sadly, also includes
stating the expected results of experiments meant to be performed and experienced …

[PDF] Theorising education in intentional communities: an integrated social movement learning and education framework.

V Prajapati - 2026
… for an institute that aspires to develop specific emotional and social skills inspired
by the teachings, writings, and philosophy of Sri Aurobindo. … Together they
established the Sri Aurobindo Ashram and developed a vision of spirituality …

[HTML] A New Chapter for Sage Open

R Magrath - Sage Open, 2026

Bridging Policy and Practice: Strengthening Complementary and Integrative Medicine Through the Lens of the Delhi Declaration

R Thakur, A Mishra, MK Vyas - Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine
… Participants commit to promoting meaningful leadership of communities and
Indigenous peoples, recognizing TM as an integral component of holistic socio-ecological
systems linking human health, biodiversity, and environmental sustainability …

[PDF] PERMACULTURE-A KEY HOLISTIC CONCEPT

A Kaushal - Advances in Land and Water Resources Management …
… The Permaculture Institute of India (Tamil Nadu) is involved in several projects,
including the restoration of the Auroville forest and the … These include the famous
Sadhana Forest project in Auroville, which focuses on reforestation and ecological …

Monday, 13 July 2026

State exists to protect rights, not to pursue collective goals

Collated by Tusar Nath Mohapatra 

2. Classical Western Foundations

2.1 Greek origins, Plato & Aristotle

ThinkerCore ideaMemorable framing
Plato (Republic, c. 380 BCE)Justice = each class doing its proper function; rule of philosopher-kings; distrust of democracy as "mob rule"; tripartite soul → tripartite city (rulers, auxiliaries, producers)"Until philosophers are kings, or kings philosophers, cities will have no rest from evils."
Aristotle (Politics, c. 335 BCE)Humans are zoon politikon (political animals); state exists for the "good life," not mere survival; 6-fold classification of regimes (monarchy/tyranny, aristocracy/oligarchy, polity/democracy); polity = best practical regime"Man is by nature a political animal."

Key Aristotelian legacy: the distinction between just and perverse regimes, same structure can be good or evil depending on whose interest it serves. This anticipates modern constitutionalism.

2.1a Machiavelli, the realist turn

  • Niccolò Machiavelli (The Prince, 1513, published 1532; Discourses on Livy, 1517): Separated politics from Christian moral theology. A ruler must be both feared and loved, but if forced to choose, fear is safer. Virtù (ruler's skill) vs Fortuna (chance). Founded modern realpolitik; influenced Kautilya comparisons.
  • Discourses (often forgotten) makes him a republican, he preferred a free republic with civic virtue to principalities.

2.2 Social contract tradition (17th,18th c.)

The question: If humans once lived in a "state of nature," why and how did they submit to political authority?

ThinkerState of natureContract typeSovereignRight of rebellion?
Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan, 1651)"Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"Absolute surrender to sovereignUnaccountable absolute rulerNo, would be worse than staying out
John Locke (Two Treatises, 1689)Imperfect but rational; natural law + natural rights (life, liberty, property)Conditional, government is a trustLimited legislatureYes, if government violates trust
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Social Contract, 1762)Innocent but corrupted by civilization; "Man is born free but everywhere in chains"Surrender to General WillThe people themselves, as collectiveNot really needed, the General Will IS the legitimate ruler

Insight: These three responses map onto three modern instincts, Hobbesian: the State must be strong (law-and-order right); Lockean: the State must be limited (classical liberalism); Rousseauian: the State IS the collective will (popular sovereignty, democratic left). Most modern debates are re-runs of this triangle.

Indian relevance: The Preamble's "We, the people of India... do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution" is pure Rousseau, the people give themselves a Constitution, rather than receive one from above. Contrast with the Japanese Constitution imposed by US occupation (1947).

3. Core Ideological Traditions

3.1 Liberalism

Core claim: The individual is prior to the community. Freedom = absence of coercion. The State exists to protect rights, not to pursue collective goals.

(a) Classical Liberalism (17th,19th c.)

  • John Locke: Life, liberty, property as natural rights
  • Adam Smith: Invisible hand; market coordination
  • J.S. Mill (On Liberty, 1859): Harm Principle, "the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others"
  • Isaiah Berlin (Two Concepts of Liberty, 1958):
  • Negative liberty: freedom from interference
  • Positive liberty: freedom to self-realization
  • Berlin warned: positive liberty is dangerous, it lets authoritarians claim they're liberating people against their will

(b) Modern/Welfare Liberalism (20th c.)

  • T.H. Green, L.T. Hobhouse: Liberty requires social preconditions, food, health, education
  • John Rawls (A Theory of Justice, 1971), the most influential political philosopher of the 20th c.:
  • Veil of Ignorance: Principles of justice should be chosen without knowing your own race, gender, class, talents
  • Two Principles:
  1. Each person has an equal right to the most extensive basic liberties compatible with similar liberties for all
  2. Social/economic inequalities are permissible ONLY IF (a) they benefit the least advantaged (Difference Principle) (b) attached to positions open to all under fair equality of opportunity
  • Priority: Liberty > Opportunity > Difference Principle (lexical ordering)

(c) Libertarianism / Neo-liberalism

  • Robert Nozick (Anarchy, State and Utopia, 1974), response to Rawls:
  • Entitlement theory: justice in holdings = (a) just acquisition + (b) just transfer + (c) rectification of injustice
  • Taxation for redistribution = forced labour
  • Only legitimate state is minimal state, protecting against force, theft, fraud
  • F.A. Hayek, Milton Friedman: Markets coordinate information better than planners; "road to serfdom" from planning

Indian liberalism: The Fundamental Rights chapter (Part III) is Locke + Mill + Berlin. Art 14 (equality), 19 (six freedoms, Mill's On Liberty in constitutional form), 21 (life & personal liberty, read expansively post-Maneka Gandhi 1978).

3.2 Marxism

Core claim: History is the story of class struggle; the state is the instrument of the ruling class; political liberty without economic equality is a sham.

https://deepmentor.co/guides/polity/political-theories


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